The levels of IFN-c, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in ileal homogenates. As shown in Table 5, levels of IFN-c, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 in ileal homogenates increased significantly responding to the E. coli challenge compared with pigs with sham challenge (PE. coli,0.05). The level of IL-10 also increased in NCG supplemented piglets 1480666 (PNCG = 0.05). On the other hand, IFN-c and IL-4 were unaffected by the supplementation of NCG (PNCG.0.05). NCG supplementation had no effects on the level of IL-2 in non-E. coli challenged + NCG piglets, but had effects on E. coli challenged + NCG piglets. The supplementation of NCG blunted the increase of IL-2 which was induced by E. coli challenge (Pinteraction,0.05). Thus, we had another t-test between the E. coli challenged piglets and E. coli challenge + NCG group. The results Autophagy revealed that the level of IL-2 decreased significantly in E. coli + NCG piglets compared with E. coli challenged piglets (P,0.05).Statistical AnalysisThe experiment was a 262 factorial arrangement with the NCG supplementation and E. coli challenge being the main factors. Data were expressed as least squares means and standard error of the mean (SEM). Differences among treatments were analyzed by ANOVA for a randomized complete block design using the General Linear Model procedures of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Inst Inc., Cary, NC). Probability values less than 0.05 were regarded as significance.Effect of N-Carbamylglutamate on PigletsTable 2. Effects of N-carbamylglutamate supplementation on the performance of pigs during pre- and post-challenge periods.E.coliSham1 Body weight (kg) Day 1662274 0 Day 8 Day 13 2.0 3.1 4.1 2.2 3.2 3.9 Challenge ShamNCG Non-supplemented supplemented SupplementedSEMP-value E. coliNCG Interaction2.1 3.1 3.2.1 3.2 4.NC 0.27 0.NC NC 0.NC 0.86 0.NC NC 0.Day 1? (Epigenetics Before E.coli K88 challenge ) ADG (g) ADFI (g) 150 138 155 143 149 140 156 142 3.80 4.01 NC NC 0.45 0.84 NC NCDay 8?2 (After E.coli K88 challenge) ADG (g) ADFI (g) 163 221 149 212 34.4 150 222 18.8 161 211 15.6 3.21 24.34 NC ,0.05 0.37 NC 0.08 0.24 NC 0.2 0.38 NC0 Diarrhea Incidence3 ( )ADFI, average daily feed intake; ADG, average daily gain; NC, not calculated. 1 challenged with water. 2 standard Error of Mean. 3 diarrhea incidence ( ) = number of piglets with diarrhea6diarrhea days/(number of piglets65) 6100 [16,17]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066280.tCD19+ in lamina propria of ileum were measured by Histology and Immunohistochemistry. As shown in Table 6, supplementation with NCG increased the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes significantly (PNCG,0.05) rather than CD8+. Although no significant difference was observed in percentage of CD19+ lymphocytes, there was an increasing trend (PNCG = 0.072).CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ lymphocytes in lamina propria of ileum. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes andDiscussionAccumulated research has indicated that dietary arginine supplementation can enhance the growth of milk-fed young pigs [18], improve intestinal function [19], decrease expression of inflammatory cytokines, and reduce intestinal mucosal injury in different animal models [8,20,21]. For example, Zhu et al. have studied the effect of L-arginine on intestinal mucosal immune barrier function in weaned pigs after Escherichia coli LPS challenge [21]. However, it is still very important to study the effect of NCGTable 3. Selected plasma amino acid concentrations in serum (nmol/mL).Amino acid groupE.coliShamNCG Challenge 159.51 69.73 147.47 582.98 561.The levels of IFN-c, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in ileal homogenates. As shown in Table 5, levels of IFN-c, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 in ileal homogenates increased significantly responding to the E. coli challenge compared with pigs with sham challenge (PE. coli,0.05). The level of IL-10 also increased in NCG supplemented piglets 1480666 (PNCG = 0.05). On the other hand, IFN-c and IL-4 were unaffected by the supplementation of NCG (PNCG.0.05). NCG supplementation had no effects on the level of IL-2 in non-E. coli challenged + NCG piglets, but had effects on E. coli challenged + NCG piglets. The supplementation of NCG blunted the increase of IL-2 which was induced by E. coli challenge (Pinteraction,0.05). Thus, we had another t-test between the E. coli challenged piglets and E. coli challenge + NCG group. The results revealed that the level of IL-2 decreased significantly in E. coli + NCG piglets compared with E. coli challenged piglets (P,0.05).Statistical AnalysisThe experiment was a 262 factorial arrangement with the NCG supplementation and E. coli challenge being the main factors. Data were expressed as least squares means and standard error of the mean (SEM). Differences among treatments were analyzed by ANOVA for a randomized complete block design using the General Linear Model procedures of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Inst Inc., Cary, NC). Probability values less than 0.05 were regarded as significance.Effect of N-Carbamylglutamate on PigletsTable 2. Effects of N-carbamylglutamate supplementation on the performance of pigs during pre- and post-challenge periods.E.coliSham1 Body weight (kg) Day 1662274 0 Day 8 Day 13 2.0 3.1 4.1 2.2 3.2 3.9 Challenge ShamNCG Non-supplemented supplemented SupplementedSEMP-value E. coliNCG Interaction2.1 3.1 3.2.1 3.2 4.NC 0.27 0.NC NC 0.NC 0.86 0.NC NC 0.Day 1? (Before E.coli K88 challenge ) ADG (g) ADFI (g) 150 138 155 143 149 140 156 142 3.80 4.01 NC NC 0.45 0.84 NC NCDay 8?2 (After E.coli K88 challenge) ADG (g) ADFI (g) 163 221 149 212 34.4 150 222 18.8 161 211 15.6 3.21 24.34 NC ,0.05 0.37 NC 0.08 0.24 NC 0.2 0.38 NC0 Diarrhea Incidence3 ( )ADFI, average daily feed intake; ADG, average daily gain; NC, not calculated. 1 challenged with water. 2 standard Error of Mean. 3 diarrhea incidence ( ) = number of piglets with diarrhea6diarrhea days/(number of piglets65) 6100 [16,17]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066280.tCD19+ in lamina propria of ileum were measured by Histology and Immunohistochemistry. As shown in Table 6, supplementation with NCG increased the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes significantly (PNCG,0.05) rather than CD8+. Although no significant difference was observed in percentage of CD19+ lymphocytes, there was an increasing trend (PNCG = 0.072).CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ lymphocytes in lamina propria of ileum. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes andDiscussionAccumulated research has indicated that dietary arginine supplementation can enhance the growth of milk-fed young pigs [18], improve intestinal function [19], decrease expression of inflammatory cytokines, and reduce intestinal mucosal injury in different animal models [8,20,21]. For example, Zhu et al. have studied the effect of L-arginine on intestinal mucosal immune barrier function in weaned pigs after Escherichia coli LPS challenge [21]. However, it is still very important to study the effect of NCGTable 3. Selected plasma amino acid concentrations in serum (nmol/mL).Amino acid groupE.coliShamNCG Challenge 159.51 69.73 147.47 582.98 561.
