Ht (cm) Body mass (kg) BMI (kg/m2) 10 22.764.3 18468 105614 30.763.0 Post ???103615 30.263.0HI Pre 9 22.763.8 18067 102612 32.362.1 10865 Post ???102611 32.261.9 10766 44896486{1 44.764.9{1 336649{ 191610{ 24.363.6{1 20346533{ 4.760.4 10.964.2 2.360.9 ??Waist circumference 10568 (cm) Abs. VO2peak (ml/ min)36196954 38926663{ 36076594 38.666.5{ 313647{ 18868{ 22.764.9{ 35.465.7 308649 19768 18.863.Rel. VO2peak (ml/kg/ 35.868.2 min) Peak power (W) HRpeak (bpm) Peak O2 pulse (mL/ min/bpm) 293639 189611 20.964.Time to 500 kcal (s) 24816560 22776588{ 23656599 Glucose (mmol/L) Insulin (mIU) HOMA-IR Training HR (bpm) Interval WR (W) 4.760.2 10.062.5 2.160.6 141617 206627 4.760.2 10.563.2 2.160.6 ??4.860.4 12.165.5 2.561.1 166612` 308648`Methods and Procedures ParticipantsNineteen overweight/obese, sedentary males volunteered to participate in this study (participant characteristics are presented in Table 1). All participants were between 18?5 years old, reported participating in less than 1 hour per week of aerobic exercise (jogging, cycling, etc.) at enrollment, and had a waist circumference greater than 94 cm [15]. Participants were matched on pre-test waist circumference and VO2peak before being stratified into two groups completing 3 weeks of cycling training utilizing repeated intervals of either high intensity/high volume (100 peak aerobic power; HI) or low intensity/low volume (70 peak aerobic power; LO). Both groups performed the same number of intervals during 18204824 each training 1315463 session such that the total duration of each training session was matched.ML 281 Values are mean 6 SD. yrs, years; cm, centimetres; kg, kilograms; BMI, body mass index; m, metres; mmol/L, millimoles per litre; mIU, micro international units; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model DprE1-IN-2 chemical information assessment of insulin resistance; W, watts; s, seconds; HRpeak, maximal heart rate from VO2peak test; bpm, beats per minute; Training HR, average heart rate from first training session. Interval WR, average power produced during intervals from first training session. { Significant (p,0.05) effect of training. ` Significantly different (p,0.05) from LO. 1 Significant (p,0.05) interaction between groups. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068091.tEthics StatementThis study protocol conformed to the Ethical Guidelines outlined by the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Health Sciences Human Research Ethics Board at Queen’s University. All participants provided informed written consent prior to participation in the study.Baseline TestingParticipants arrived for the first laboratory visit in the morning following an overnight fast ( 8 h). Resting blood samples were collected by venipuncture from an antecubital vein in sterile tubes (BD Vacutainer, Franklin Lakes, NJ) with and without EDTA as an anticoagulant. Plasma was separated by centrifugation at 3500 RPM for 10 minutes at 4uC while serum was separated by centrifugation at 3500 RPM for 15 minutes at 4uC. Samples were stored at 280uC until analysis. Following blood sampling, participants were fed a standardized breakfast consisting of a bagel (1 g Fat, 6 g Protein, 39 g Carb, 190 kcal) with cream cheese spread (18 g Fat, 4 g Protein, 2 g Carb, 200 kcal) and a juice box (0 g Fat, 2 g Protein, 26 g Carb, 110 kcal). Participants then remained seated in a chair for 1 hour before a resting muscle biopsy was obtained using the Bergstrom needle biopsy technique [16]. Biopsies were performed under sterile conditions with localanesthesia (2 lidocaine) using a cust.Ht (cm) Body mass (kg) BMI (kg/m2) 10 22.764.3 18468 105614 30.763.0 Post ???103615 30.263.0HI Pre 9 22.763.8 18067 102612 32.362.1 10865 Post ???102611 32.261.9 10766 44896486{1 44.764.9{1 336649{ 191610{ 24.363.6{1 20346533{ 4.760.4 10.964.2 2.360.9 ??Waist circumference 10568 (cm) Abs. VO2peak (ml/ min)36196954 38926663{ 36076594 38.666.5{ 313647{ 18868{ 22.764.9{ 35.465.7 308649 19768 18.863.Rel. VO2peak (ml/kg/ 35.868.2 min) Peak power (W) HRpeak (bpm) Peak O2 pulse (mL/ min/bpm) 293639 189611 20.964.Time to 500 kcal (s) 24816560 22776588{ 23656599 Glucose (mmol/L) Insulin (mIU) HOMA-IR Training HR (bpm) Interval WR (W) 4.760.2 10.062.5 2.160.6 141617 206627 4.760.2 10.563.2 2.160.6 ??4.860.4 12.165.5 2.561.1 166612` 308648`Methods and Procedures ParticipantsNineteen overweight/obese, sedentary males volunteered to participate in this study (participant characteristics are presented in Table 1). All participants were between 18?5 years old, reported participating in less than 1 hour per week of aerobic exercise (jogging, cycling, etc.) at enrollment, and had a waist circumference greater than 94 cm [15]. Participants were matched on pre-test waist circumference and VO2peak before being stratified into two groups completing 3 weeks of cycling training utilizing repeated intervals of either high intensity/high volume (100 peak aerobic power; HI) or low intensity/low volume (70 peak aerobic power; LO). Both groups performed the same number of intervals during 18204824 each training 1315463 session such that the total duration of each training session was matched.Values are mean 6 SD. yrs, years; cm, centimetres; kg, kilograms; BMI, body mass index; m, metres; mmol/L, millimoles per litre; mIU, micro international units; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; W, watts; s, seconds; HRpeak, maximal heart rate from VO2peak test; bpm, beats per minute; Training HR, average heart rate from first training session. Interval WR, average power produced during intervals from first training session. { Significant (p,0.05) effect of training. ` Significantly different (p,0.05) from LO. 1 Significant (p,0.05) interaction between groups. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068091.tEthics StatementThis study protocol conformed to the Ethical Guidelines outlined by the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Health Sciences Human Research Ethics Board at Queen’s University. All participants provided informed written consent prior to participation in the study.Baseline TestingParticipants arrived for the first laboratory visit in the morning following an overnight fast ( 8 h). Resting blood samples were collected by venipuncture from an antecubital vein in sterile tubes (BD Vacutainer, Franklin Lakes, NJ) with and without EDTA as an anticoagulant. Plasma was separated by centrifugation at 3500 RPM for 10 minutes at 4uC while serum was separated by centrifugation at 3500 RPM for 15 minutes at 4uC. Samples were stored at 280uC until analysis. Following blood sampling, participants were fed a standardized breakfast consisting of a bagel (1 g Fat, 6 g Protein, 39 g Carb, 190 kcal) with cream cheese spread (18 g Fat, 4 g Protein, 2 g Carb, 200 kcal) and a juice box (0 g Fat, 2 g Protein, 26 g Carb, 110 kcal). Participants then remained seated in a chair for 1 hour before a resting muscle biopsy was obtained using the Bergstrom needle biopsy technique [16]. Biopsies were performed under sterile conditions with localanesthesia (2 lidocaine) using a cust.
