Diluted in loading buffer and heated at 95uC for 5 min, was subjected to electrophoresis on 10 SDS-PAGE gel. After electrophoresis of the gel and transformation of the proteins to nitrocellulose membrane, these membranes were rinsed briefly in tris-buffered saline, blocked in blocking buffer (5 milk and 0.5 BSA) for 1 h, and washed three times with tris-buffered saline containing 0.05 Tween 20 (TBST). The membranes were incubated with different primary antibodies overnight at 4uC, 1655472 washed with TBST and incubated with secondary horseradish peroxidase onjugated antibody for 1 h at room temperature. Antigen antibody complexes were then visualized using ECL kit (Amersham, Hexokinase II Inhibitor II, 3-BP site Piscataway, NJ). The primary antibodies used here include those against 3nitrotyrosine (3-NT, 1:1000, Chemicon), 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE, 1: 2000, Calbiochem, San Diego, CA), Tribbles homolog 3 (TRB3, 1:1000, Calbiochem), inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, 1: 500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), C/ EBP homology protein (CHOP, 1: 500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1, 1: 2000, BD Biosciences, Sparks, MD), Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B, 1: 1000, BD Biosciences), nuclear factor-erythroid 2related factor 2 (Nrf2, 1: 1000, Abcam, Cambridge, MA). Other primary antibodies, including tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a, 1:500), total- and phospho-Akt (Ser473, 1:500), total and phosphor-GSK-3b (1:500), total- and phosphor-tensin homolog (PTEN, 1: 500), cleaved caspase-12 (1:1000), Fyn (1:1000), Bax and Bcl-2 (1: 1000) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA).determine if difference exists. If so, a post hoc Turkey’s test was used for analysis for the difference between groups, with Origin 7.5 laboratory data analysis and graphing software. Statistical significance was considered as p,0.05.Results Effect of TPEN and diabetes on hepatic Zn levelsHyperglycemic and age-matched control mice were treated with and without TPEN for four months. Diabetes or TPEN treatment for 4 months mildly reduced hepatic Zn level (P,0.05, Fig. 1). TPEN treatment further decreased diabetic reduction of hepatic Zn level (Fig. 1), suggesting the induction of hepatic Zn deficiency in Diabetes and Diabetes/TPEN groups.Effects of Zn deficiency on diabetes-induced hepatic damage and steatosisAs one of measurements for hepatic damage, serum ALT level was not changed in TPEN-treated non-diabetic group, but significantly increased in diabetic group, which was further enhanced by TPEN treatment in diabetic mice 1317923 (Fig. 2A). Liver pathology with H E staining is presented in Fig. 2B. The hepatic cell structure in control group was normal and clear without inflammation and necrosis. In TPEN treatment group, a few inflammatory cells were observed with the same cell structure as those seen in control group. However, diabetes increased hepatic damage with obviously necrotic and/or inflammatory foci. In the liver of Diabetes/TPEN group, the morphological change was more severe with more inflammatory and/or necrotic foci as compared to the liver of Diabetes group. Examination of hepatic lipid accumulation status with Oil red O staining revealed that no lipid accumulation was observed in control or TPEN treatment group; however, significant lipid accumulation was observed in Diabetes group, which was further increased in Diabetes/TPEN group (Fig. 2C). TG measurement with ELISA showed the significant Fexinidazole increase of hepatic TG levels in Diabetes/.Diluted in loading buffer and heated at 95uC for 5 min, was subjected to electrophoresis on 10 SDS-PAGE gel. After electrophoresis of the gel and transformation of the proteins to nitrocellulose membrane, these membranes were rinsed briefly in tris-buffered saline, blocked in blocking buffer (5 milk and 0.5 BSA) for 1 h, and washed three times with tris-buffered saline containing 0.05 Tween 20 (TBST). The membranes were incubated with different primary antibodies overnight at 4uC, 1655472 washed with TBST and incubated with secondary horseradish peroxidase onjugated antibody for 1 h at room temperature. Antigen antibody complexes were then visualized using ECL kit (Amersham, Piscataway, NJ). The primary antibodies used here include those against 3nitrotyrosine (3-NT, 1:1000, Chemicon), 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE, 1: 2000, Calbiochem, San Diego, CA), Tribbles homolog 3 (TRB3, 1:1000, Calbiochem), inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, 1: 500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), C/ EBP homology protein (CHOP, 1: 500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1, 1: 2000, BD Biosciences, Sparks, MD), Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B, 1: 1000, BD Biosciences), nuclear factor-erythroid 2related factor 2 (Nrf2, 1: 1000, Abcam, Cambridge, MA). Other primary antibodies, including tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a, 1:500), total- and phospho-Akt (Ser473, 1:500), total and phosphor-GSK-3b (1:500), total- and phosphor-tensin homolog (PTEN, 1: 500), cleaved caspase-12 (1:1000), Fyn (1:1000), Bax and Bcl-2 (1: 1000) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA).determine if difference exists. If so, a post hoc Turkey’s test was used for analysis for the difference between groups, with Origin 7.5 laboratory data analysis and graphing software. Statistical significance was considered as p,0.05.Results Effect of TPEN and diabetes on hepatic Zn levelsHyperglycemic and age-matched control mice were treated with and without TPEN for four months. Diabetes or TPEN treatment for 4 months mildly reduced hepatic Zn level (P,0.05, Fig. 1). TPEN treatment further decreased diabetic reduction of hepatic Zn level (Fig. 1), suggesting the induction of hepatic Zn deficiency in Diabetes and Diabetes/TPEN groups.Effects of Zn deficiency on diabetes-induced hepatic damage and steatosisAs one of measurements for hepatic damage, serum ALT level was not changed in TPEN-treated non-diabetic group, but significantly increased in diabetic group, which was further enhanced by TPEN treatment in diabetic mice 1317923 (Fig. 2A). Liver pathology with H E staining is presented in Fig. 2B. The hepatic cell structure in control group was normal and clear without inflammation and necrosis. In TPEN treatment group, a few inflammatory cells were observed with the same cell structure as those seen in control group. However, diabetes increased hepatic damage with obviously necrotic and/or inflammatory foci. In the liver of Diabetes/TPEN group, the morphological change was more severe with more inflammatory and/or necrotic foci as compared to the liver of Diabetes group. Examination of hepatic lipid accumulation status with Oil red O staining revealed that no lipid accumulation was observed in control or TPEN treatment group; however, significant lipid accumulation was observed in Diabetes group, which was further increased in Diabetes/TPEN group (Fig. 2C). TG measurement with ELISA showed the significant increase of hepatic TG levels in Diabetes/.
