Culovirus (for the baculovirus). Unbound antibody was removed by washing with PBS (3610 minutes), and the cells were then incubated for 30 minutes with a secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 directed against a rat or mouse immunoglobulin. The cells were finally washed with PBS (3610 minutes), and cover slips were mounted with glycerol with DAPI. Infected cells werevisualized by fluorescence microscopy using Lucia Software (version 5.1.), Laboratory imaging s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Dr. Jan Sy ora for fluorescence microscopy measurements.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JM JF. Performed the experiments: YL PK AM. Analyzed the data: JM JF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LP KL. Wrote the paper: JM JF.
In nanotechnology, a nanoparticle (NP) is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties. NPs are natural, incidental or manufactured particles with one or more external dimensions that range from 1 to 100 nm [1,2]. NPs are of great scientific interest as they bridge bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. GSK2879552 web properties of nanomaterials (NMs) change as their size approaches the nanoscale [3]. Because of quantum size and large surface area, NMs have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts. Even when made of inert elements (e.g. gold), NMs become highly (re)active or even catalytic at nanometer dimensions [4], mostly because of their high surface to volume ratio. Oberdorster ?et al. discovered that the toxic effect of NMs is influenced by several properties, such as size, surface charge, hydrophobicity, shape and contamination [5]. Size and surface characteristics of NPs are no constants, but vary according to the concentration of salts and proteins as well as to mechanical pre-treatment [6]. The danger of inhaling particulate matter (fume or smoke particles) has been recognized since ancient times, but it was not until the early 1990s when associations between particle inhalation and diseasesof the respiratory or cardiovascular systems were uncovered [7]. At that time, researchers started to systematically study the effects of (natural) NPs on human health [8,9], especially the association between NP size and its response in lung tissue [10?2]. However, due to their properties, engineered NMs are increasingly often used in consumer products. But the same advantageous GSK-J4 custom synthesis sizedependent properties of NMs lead to the possibility of harmful size-dependent biological interactions [13]. Therefore, the need to assess the potential risk of NMs on human health is rapidly growing. NPs can display acute cytotoxic action at the site of entry. Cells important in this regard are epithelial cells of the respective organ, and cells of the innate immune system. Upon exposure to NMs, such as carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), or zinc oxide, cells may be acutely damaged and their functionality may be compromised [14?7]. Both, bio-persistent (e.g. CNTs) and bio-degradable (e.g. iron oxide) NPs may cause severe problems [2,18]. In addition to acute toxic effects, chronic exposure may result in selective cytotoxicity affecting specific cell functions [19]. However, testing of chronic effects in vitro is rarely done for conventional substances. Drugs are usually metabolized, excretedLong-Term Effects of Nanoparticlesand degraded within cells and cellular accumulation is not expected. Consequent.Culovirus (for the baculovirus). Unbound antibody was removed by washing with PBS (3610 minutes), and the cells were then incubated for 30 minutes with a secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 directed against a rat or mouse immunoglobulin. The cells were finally washed with PBS (3610 minutes), and cover slips were mounted with glycerol with DAPI. Infected cells werevisualized by fluorescence microscopy using Lucia Software (version 5.1.), Laboratory imaging s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Dr. Jan Sy ora for fluorescence microscopy measurements.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JM JF. Performed the experiments: YL PK AM. Analyzed the data: JM JF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LP KL. Wrote the paper: JM JF.
In nanotechnology, a nanoparticle (NP) is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties. NPs are natural, incidental or manufactured particles with one or more external dimensions that range from 1 to 100 nm [1,2]. NPs are of great scientific interest as they bridge bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. Properties of nanomaterials (NMs) change as their size approaches the nanoscale [3]. Because of quantum size and large surface area, NMs have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts. Even when made of inert elements (e.g. gold), NMs become highly (re)active or even catalytic at nanometer dimensions [4], mostly because of their high surface to volume ratio. Oberdorster ?et al. discovered that the toxic effect of NMs is influenced by several properties, such as size, surface charge, hydrophobicity, shape and contamination [5]. Size and surface characteristics of NPs are no constants, but vary according to the concentration of salts and proteins as well as to mechanical pre-treatment [6]. The danger of inhaling particulate matter (fume or smoke particles) has been recognized since ancient times, but it was not until the early 1990s when associations between particle inhalation and diseasesof the respiratory or cardiovascular systems were uncovered [7]. At that time, researchers started to systematically study the effects of (natural) NPs on human health [8,9], especially the association between NP size and its response in lung tissue [10?2]. However, due to their properties, engineered NMs are increasingly often used in consumer products. But the same advantageous sizedependent properties of NMs lead to the possibility of harmful size-dependent biological interactions [13]. Therefore, the need to assess the potential risk of NMs on human health is rapidly growing. NPs can display acute cytotoxic action at the site of entry. Cells important in this regard are epithelial cells of the respective organ, and cells of the innate immune system. Upon exposure to NMs, such as carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), or zinc oxide, cells may be acutely damaged and their functionality may be compromised [14?7]. Both, bio-persistent (e.g. CNTs) and bio-degradable (e.g. iron oxide) NPs may cause severe problems [2,18]. In addition to acute toxic effects, chronic exposure may result in selective cytotoxicity affecting specific cell functions [19]. However, testing of chronic effects in vitro is rarely done for conventional substances. Drugs are usually metabolized, excretedLong-Term Effects of Nanoparticlesand degraded within cells and cellular accumulation is not expected. Consequent.
