N addition, cells were fixed using a 1:10 formalin solution for 1 h and permeabilized using 0.1 Triton-X100 in PBS. To order Epoxomicin visualize the F-actin cytoskeleton, cells were stained with Alexa-488 phalloidin (#A12379; Molecular Probes). Additional staining was done with HoechstCD44 and Iota-Family Toxins(#H3570; Molecular Probes) and CellMask Deep Red (#H32721; Molecular Probes) to visualize the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively. Images were acquired on a Discovery-1 high content imager (Molecular Devices) controlled by MetaXpress software. Integrated intensity values of phalloidin fluorescence represent the mean of nine fields +/2 standard deviation. Statistics were done by one way ANOVA with significant differences of p,0.05.Confocal microscopy was done with RPM cells (CD44+ vs CD442) incubated for 3 min at 37uC with Cy3-Ib (20 mg/ml), washed with PBS, and then mounted in mowiol. Dapi-stained nuclei are blue.Binding of Ib to CD44+ and CD442 CellsCytotoxicity of Clostridial Binary Toxins upon CD44+ and CD442 CellsHuman recurrent cutaneous melanoma cells (RPM) naturally devoid of CD44, and those transfected with CD44 (standard) encoding plasmid [24], were subsequently used with varying concentrations of iota-family or C2 toxins. Vero cells provided an additional control. F-actin content was ascertained by staining with Alexa-488 phalloidin after 5 h and “ control” determined versus control cells in media only. Each toxin concentration represents mean +/2 standard deviation of duplicate wells from three separate experiments.Binding of Iota-family B Components to Purified CD44 in SolutionSolution-based experiments were subsequently done using purified CD44 with Ib and other B components from C. spiroforme (CSTb), C. difficile (CDTb), and C. botulinum (C2IIa). B component (10 mg) was added to CD44-IgG or CD44-GST (10 mg) in 20 mM Hepes buffer, pH 7.5 containing 150 mM NaCl for 1531364 60 min at room temperature (50 ml total volume). Protein A-agarose (used with CD44-IgG construct) or glutathione-sepharose (used with CD44-GST construct) beads (Sigma) were then added for 5 min at room temperature, gently centrifuged, and washed with buffer. SDS-PAGE sample buffer containing reducing agent was added to the beads, the mixture heated, and protein separated from beads by centrifugation. Supernatant proteins were then separated by 10 SDS-PAGE, transferred onto nitrocellulose, and B components detected with either rabbit anti-Ib or -C2IIa sera (1:1,000 dilution). Protein A-peroxidase conjugate (Bio-Rad) was used at a 1:3000 dilution, and following washes, specific B component bands were visualized with SuperSignal West Pico chemiluminescent substrate (Thermo Scientific).Western Blot and MedChemExpress EPZ-6438 co-precipitation Analysis of LSR on CellsDetection of LSR on RPM and Vero cells was done by Western blot using rabbit anti-LSR sera. Initial co-precipitation experiments were done with RPM (CD44+ and CD442), as well as Vero, cells. Briefly, cells were grown to confluence in 10 cm dishes. Cells were washed with DMEM and incubated with or without Ib (1027 M) at 37uC for 30 min with medium containing 1 bovine serum albumin. Following PBS washes, cells were subsequently lysed with PBS containing Tris (50 mM, pH 8), NaCl (150 mM), Triton X-100 (0.5 ), as well as protease and phosphatase inhibitors. Antibody against CD44 (10 mg) was added to cell lysate (1 ml) at room temperature and rotated for 2 h, followed by protein A beads for 30 min. Beads were centrifuged, washed in PBS,.N addition, cells were fixed using a 1:10 formalin solution for 1 h and permeabilized using 0.1 Triton-X100 in PBS. To visualize the F-actin cytoskeleton, cells were stained with Alexa-488 phalloidin (#A12379; Molecular Probes). Additional staining was done with HoechstCD44 and Iota-Family Toxins(#H3570; Molecular Probes) and CellMask Deep Red (#H32721; Molecular Probes) to visualize the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively. Images were acquired on a Discovery-1 high content imager (Molecular Devices) controlled by MetaXpress software. Integrated intensity values of phalloidin fluorescence represent the mean of nine fields +/2 standard deviation. Statistics were done by one way ANOVA with significant differences of p,0.05.Confocal microscopy was done with RPM cells (CD44+ vs CD442) incubated for 3 min at 37uC with Cy3-Ib (20 mg/ml), washed with PBS, and then mounted in mowiol. Dapi-stained nuclei are blue.Binding of Ib to CD44+ and CD442 CellsCytotoxicity of Clostridial Binary Toxins upon CD44+ and CD442 CellsHuman recurrent cutaneous melanoma cells (RPM) naturally devoid of CD44, and those transfected with CD44 (standard) encoding plasmid [24], were subsequently used with varying concentrations of iota-family or C2 toxins. Vero cells provided an additional control. F-actin content was ascertained by staining with Alexa-488 phalloidin after 5 h and “ control” determined versus control cells in media only. Each toxin concentration represents mean +/2 standard deviation of duplicate wells from three separate experiments.Binding of Iota-family B Components to Purified CD44 in SolutionSolution-based experiments were subsequently done using purified CD44 with Ib and other B components from C. spiroforme (CSTb), C. difficile (CDTb), and C. botulinum (C2IIa). B component (10 mg) was added to CD44-IgG or CD44-GST (10 mg) in 20 mM Hepes buffer, pH 7.5 containing 150 mM NaCl for 1531364 60 min at room temperature (50 ml total volume). Protein A-agarose (used with CD44-IgG construct) or glutathione-sepharose (used with CD44-GST construct) beads (Sigma) were then added for 5 min at room temperature, gently centrifuged, and washed with buffer. SDS-PAGE sample buffer containing reducing agent was added to the beads, the mixture heated, and protein separated from beads by centrifugation. Supernatant proteins were then separated by 10 SDS-PAGE, transferred onto nitrocellulose, and B components detected with either rabbit anti-Ib or -C2IIa sera (1:1,000 dilution). Protein A-peroxidase conjugate (Bio-Rad) was used at a 1:3000 dilution, and following washes, specific B component bands were visualized with SuperSignal West Pico chemiluminescent substrate (Thermo Scientific).Western Blot and Co-precipitation Analysis of LSR on CellsDetection of LSR on RPM and Vero cells was done by Western blot using rabbit anti-LSR sera. Initial co-precipitation experiments were done with RPM (CD44+ and CD442), as well as Vero, cells. Briefly, cells were grown to confluence in 10 cm dishes. Cells were washed with DMEM and incubated with or without Ib (1027 M) at 37uC for 30 min with medium containing 1 bovine serum albumin. Following PBS washes, cells were subsequently lysed with PBS containing Tris (50 mM, pH 8), NaCl (150 mM), Triton X-100 (0.5 ), as well as protease and phosphatase inhibitors. Antibody against CD44 (10 mg) was added to cell lysate (1 ml) at room temperature and rotated for 2 h, followed by protein A beads for 30 min. Beads were centrifuged, washed in PBS,.
