To which protein catabolic pathways were targeted by this Bcl-3 regulatory network. The impartial gene ontology algorithm called iPage was able to indicate that the major partof the over-represented genes with Bcl-3 peaks due to unloading were involved in protein degradation or its MedChemExpress CYT387 signaling. Of the 23 GO terms found, 11 were catabolic. In those groups there were 14 genes. Six of these genes were E3 ubiquitin protein ligases. Of interest is that one of 18325633 the E3s is Ubr1, the gene also known as E3a ligase. It is one of the major recognition ligases for ubiquitinating proteins that have destabilizing amino acids at their N termini. It is noted in the literature that 12926553 the ubiquitination present in atrophy is largely due to the activation of the N-end rule pathway [26,27]. A knockout of Ubr1 shows muscle specific abrogation of N-end rule ubiquitination [28]. Another target gene of Bcl-3 and the N-end rule pathway is arginyltransferase, the enzyme encoded by the Ate1 gene, which puts an arginine destabilizing amino acid on the amino termini populated by aspartic and glutamic acids and by oxidized cysteine [29]. In addition to the ChIP-seq data, theA Bcl-3 Network Controls Muscle AtrophyFigure 7. Bcl-3 and p50 binding profile at MuRF1 locus. An assembly of ChIP-seq data visualized by IGV for the Trim63/MuRF1 gene. The top line is a representation of the genomic size and location of the region of chromosome 4. Vertical ticks are 500 bp apart. The region of this gene (MuRF1) labeled is 3.1 kb 59 of the TSS. The next rows are labeled as follows: Conservation, the track of Phastcons for sequence similarity among placental mammals; HU Bcl-3, a representation of the.sam alignments for the Bcl-3 ChIPseq of unloaded muscle; ChIPseeqer peak for Bcl-3, black GDC-0917 horizontal bar indicates the location of the statistically-qualified peak of sequencing alignments called by the ChIPseeqer algorithm; HU p50, a representation of the.sam alignments for the p50 ChIPseq of the hindlimb unloaded muscle; ChIPseeqer peak for p50, black horizontal bar indicates the location of the statistically-qualified peak of sequencing alignments called by the ChIPseeqer algorithm; Input, a representation of the.sam alignments for the non-ChIP unloaded chromatin; NF-kB sites, location for the 3 JASPAR identified NF-kB consensus sites in this region and in our reporter construct. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051478.gmRNA for these N-end rule genes was found to be upregulated in unloading. The other catabolic proteins fall in all major families of protein degradation including lysosomal (Ppt1) and oxidative pathways (Sod1). For one E3 ubiquitin ligase, MuRF1, we investigated the importance of the NF-kB sites in the promoter region, found by our ChIP-seq data and by in silico analysis, with MuRFFigure 8. Luciferase activity of MuRF1 reporter constructs in weight bearing vs. unloaded muscle. Reporter constructs were electroporated into rat soleus and then unloaded for 5 days. MuRF1 is 4.4 kb promoter region of mouse MuRF1 driving expression of luciferase. MuRF1 deletant is a plasmid containing the 4.4 kb of the MuRF1 promoter but the distal 2 kb of the promoter was excised (from the 4.4 kb promoter) thus removing all 3 kB sites, and MuRF1 3kBmut is a plasmid containing the 4.4 kb of the MuRF1 promoter but the 3 NF-kB binding sites were mutated. * indicates statistical difference compared to weight bearing (WB) (P,0.05). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051478.gpromoter-reporter activity due to musc.To which protein catabolic pathways were targeted by this Bcl-3 regulatory network. The impartial gene ontology algorithm called iPage was able to indicate that the major partof the over-represented genes with Bcl-3 peaks due to unloading were involved in protein degradation or its signaling. Of the 23 GO terms found, 11 were catabolic. In those groups there were 14 genes. Six of these genes were E3 ubiquitin protein ligases. Of interest is that one of 18325633 the E3s is Ubr1, the gene also known as E3a ligase. It is one of the major recognition ligases for ubiquitinating proteins that have destabilizing amino acids at their N termini. It is noted in the literature that 12926553 the ubiquitination present in atrophy is largely due to the activation of the N-end rule pathway [26,27]. A knockout of Ubr1 shows muscle specific abrogation of N-end rule ubiquitination [28]. Another target gene of Bcl-3 and the N-end rule pathway is arginyltransferase, the enzyme encoded by the Ate1 gene, which puts an arginine destabilizing amino acid on the amino termini populated by aspartic and glutamic acids and by oxidized cysteine [29]. In addition to the ChIP-seq data, theA Bcl-3 Network Controls Muscle AtrophyFigure 7. Bcl-3 and p50 binding profile at MuRF1 locus. An assembly of ChIP-seq data visualized by IGV for the Trim63/MuRF1 gene. The top line is a representation of the genomic size and location of the region of chromosome 4. Vertical ticks are 500 bp apart. The region of this gene (MuRF1) labeled is 3.1 kb 59 of the TSS. The next rows are labeled as follows: Conservation, the track of Phastcons for sequence similarity among placental mammals; HU Bcl-3, a representation of the.sam alignments for the Bcl-3 ChIPseq of unloaded muscle; ChIPseeqer peak for Bcl-3, black horizontal bar indicates the location of the statistically-qualified peak of sequencing alignments called by the ChIPseeqer algorithm; HU p50, a representation of the.sam alignments for the p50 ChIPseq of the hindlimb unloaded muscle; ChIPseeqer peak for p50, black horizontal bar indicates the location of the statistically-qualified peak of sequencing alignments called by the ChIPseeqer algorithm; Input, a representation of the.sam alignments for the non-ChIP unloaded chromatin; NF-kB sites, location for the 3 JASPAR identified NF-kB consensus sites in this region and in our reporter construct. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051478.gmRNA for these N-end rule genes was found to be upregulated in unloading. The other catabolic proteins fall in all major families of protein degradation including lysosomal (Ppt1) and oxidative pathways (Sod1). For one E3 ubiquitin ligase, MuRF1, we investigated the importance of the NF-kB sites in the promoter region, found by our ChIP-seq data and by in silico analysis, with MuRFFigure 8. Luciferase activity of MuRF1 reporter constructs in weight bearing vs. unloaded muscle. Reporter constructs were electroporated into rat soleus and then unloaded for 5 days. MuRF1 is 4.4 kb promoter region of mouse MuRF1 driving expression of luciferase. MuRF1 deletant is a plasmid containing the 4.4 kb of the MuRF1 promoter but the distal 2 kb of the promoter was excised (from the 4.4 kb promoter) thus removing all 3 kB sites, and MuRF1 3kBmut is a plasmid containing the 4.4 kb of the MuRF1 promoter but the 3 NF-kB binding sites were mutated. * indicates statistical difference compared to weight bearing (WB) (P,0.05). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051478.gpromoter-reporter activity due to musc.
