Isions. In a single of just about every 5 couples, wives contribute to extra of those significant choices than do their spouses. Lastly, we generate a fourth set of estimates that integrates information across the 3 measures of resource control. We assess whether husbands personal a larger share of assets, obtain more nonlabor income, and make additional key household decisions relative to their wives. We produce an index variable, taking a worth of , for the amount of domains (assets, nonlabor earnings, and household decisionmaking) in which CASIN custom synthesis husband’s values exceed that of their wives. Handle Measures Even inside the absence of household bargaining, household sources might impact the probability of migration and may perhaps also be correlated with measures of bargaining energy. We control for resources by measuring householdlevel per capita month-to-month expenditures. Expenditures are preferred to income due to the seasonality of earnings for the agricultural PD 117519 households within the sample (see Deaton). As a result, we usually do not control for earnings, though the outcomes are robust to its inclusion (out there from authors).Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptIn other research, nonlabor earnings generally includes monetary transfers, which include things like remittances inside the Mexican context. Since remittances are fundamentally intertwined with migration decisions, we limit the nonlabor income measure to consist of income from government programs only. Similarly, labor force participation is likely endogenous and is ordinarily excluded from tests of the unitary household model (see Thomas). Despite the fact that we exclude measures of labor force participation, benefits are also robust to their inclusion. Demography. Author manuscript; out there in PMC October .Nobles and McKelveyPageThe level of resources in the locality may shape each the distribution of bargaining energy inside households as well as the magnitude of emigration flows, so we also control for average per capita household expenditures in the locality level. Both householdlevel and localitylevel expenditure measures are logged to 
adjust for their skewed distributions. Given the focus with the NELM model on incomplete credit markets, we measure perceived access to credit; the dichotomous measure indicates whether any member in the household has access to a credit card or loan from a bank, credit association, or other lender. To capture demographic qualities that could predict each relative bargaining energy and migration, we control for the age of your husband and wife. These are flexibly specified as a set of dichotomous variablesyears, years, years, and years or older. Education of both spouses is specified similarly, with dichotomous variables indicating no formal schooling, some to completed primary (years), some secondary (years), and completed secondary or higher (years). We also measure the number of kids living in the household as well as the quantity of years the couple has been within a union. We contain an indicator of urban statuslocalities comprising , or additional residents. Descriptive statistics are presented in Table . Lastly, we capture variation within the excellent of the details providedor interview bias by like a dichotomous measure indicating no matter whether husbands and wives have been interviewed in one another’s presence. In PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21133325 those circumstances exactly where the husband could not be interviewed (. of sample couples), we use a dichotomous variable to indicate this and substitute the wife’s report of her husband’s facts. The evaluation is ro.Isions. In one of each and every five couples, wives contribute to far more of those main choices than do their spouses. Finally, we generate a fourth set of estimates that integrates details across the three measures of resource manage. We assess whether or not husbands own a bigger share of assets, obtain additional nonlabor income, and make much more main household decisions relative to their wives. We create an index variable, taking a value of , for the number of domains (assets, nonlabor earnings, and household decisionmaking) in which husband’s values exceed that of their wives. Manage Measures Even in the absence of household bargaining, household resources may well effect the probability of migration and may well also be correlated with measures of bargaining power. We control for resources by measuring householdlevel per capita monthly expenditures. Expenditures are preferred to income because of the seasonality of income for the agricultural households in the sample (see Deaton). Hence, we do not control for earnings, even though the results are robust to its inclusion (available from authors).Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptIn 
other research, nonlabor income generally involves monetary transfers, which include remittances within the Mexican context. Simply because remittances are fundamentally intertwined with migration decisions, we limit the nonlabor earnings measure to incorporate income from government programs only. Similarly, labor force participation is likely endogenous and is typically excluded from tests on the unitary household model (see Thomas). Despite the fact that we exclude measures of labor force participation, benefits are also robust to their inclusion. Demography. Author manuscript; offered in PMC October .Nobles and McKelveyPageThe amount of resources inside the locality might shape each the distribution of bargaining power within households and the magnitude of emigration flows, so we also manage for average per capita household expenditures in the locality level. Each householdlevel and localitylevel expenditure measures are logged to adjust for their skewed distributions. Provided the concentrate with the NELM model on incomplete credit markets, we measure perceived access to credit; the dichotomous measure indicates whether any member in the household has access to a credit card or loan from a bank, credit association, or other lender. To capture demographic qualities that may well predict each relative bargaining power and migration, we control for the age on the husband and wife. They are flexibly specified as a set of dichotomous variablesyears, years, years, and years or older. Education of each spouses is specified similarly, with dichotomous variables indicating no formal schooling, some to completed principal (years), some secondary (years), and completed secondary or greater (years). We also measure the number of children living within the household as well as the quantity of years the couple has been inside a union. We incorporate an indicator of urban statuslocalities comprising , or much more residents. Descriptive statistics are presented in Table . Finally, we capture variation in the high-quality in the information providedor interview bias by such as a dichotomous measure indicating no matter whether husbands and wives had been interviewed in 1 another’s presence. In PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21133325 these instances where the husband couldn’t be interviewed (. of sample couples), we use a dichotomous variable to indicate this and substitute the wife’s report of her husband’s data. The analysis is ro.
