Underestimate of the true prevalence. Fourth, the nature of a cross-sectional survey prevents conclusions about causaleffect relationships to be made, however, many order RO5186582 variables included in the multivariate analyses precede poly-victimisation.ConclusionThis study advances significantly the evidence from low and lower-middle-income countries about exposure to poly-victimisation among adolescents. The data revealed a high prevalence of exposure to different forms of victimisation and poly-victimisation among high school students in Vietnam. There are certain groups who are more vulnerable to poly-victimisation. These results have important implications for research, education and policy in Vietnam. In terms of research, future comprehensive investigations which include multiple forms of violence, RG1662 supplement rather than single forms, should be conducted. Inclusion of both married and unmarried, but partnered people in investigation of intimate partner violence in Vietnam is recommended. The role of individual, familial and community factors in adolescents’ risk of being poly-victimised should be investigated further in longitudinal research. Experience of adolescents attending different types of schools may differ; experience of out-of-school adolescents remained un-investigated; inclusion of students from different school types as well as out-of-school adolescents is thus needed. Despite the Law on Care, Protection and Education of Children being implemented in Vietnam in 2004, it appears not to have been effective. According to this law, child maltreatment and violence against children are illegal. However, there has not been mandatory reporting of these actions in Vietnam and many children and adolescents are still being abused or victimised. It is suggested that education is needed to raise public awareness about violence against children and adolescents in Vietnam. Comprehensive intervention programs which aim to prevent violence in the family, school and community should be established. Enforcement of Child protection policy in Vietnam should be considered with more attention to the most vulnerable groups. More involvement of not only policy makers, child protection authorities,PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125189 May 1,19 /Poly-Victimisation among Vietnamese Adolescents and Correlatesbut also families, schools and communities is essential in prevention of violence against children and adolescents in this country.Supporting InformationS1 Appendix. Results from principal component analysis of 12 questions about possession of household items. (DOCX)AcknowledgmentsThe authors are very grateful for the support and participation of all students, schools and centres. We appreciate the helpful comments of the four adolescents who participated in the pretest of the questionnaire. We thank Ms. Hau Nguyen and Dr. Thach Tran for their significant contribution in the translation of the JVQ R2 and the construction of the questionnaire. We are grateful for the thorough review and comments on the questionnaire and earlier drafts of this paper of all staff and students at the Jean Hailes Research Unit and the anonymous reviewers of PLOS ONE.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: ML SH JF RW HTN. Performed the experiments: ML HTN. Analyzed the data: ML SH JF RW. Wrote the paper: ML SH HTN RW JF.
Redox Biology 8 (2016) 305?Contents lists available at ScienceDirectRedox Biologyjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/redoxResearch paperLu.Underestimate of the true prevalence. Fourth, the nature of a cross-sectional survey prevents conclusions about causaleffect relationships to be made, however, many variables included in the multivariate analyses precede poly-victimisation.ConclusionThis study advances significantly the evidence from low and lower-middle-income countries about exposure to poly-victimisation among adolescents. The data revealed a high prevalence of exposure to different forms of victimisation and poly-victimisation among high school students in Vietnam. There are certain groups who are more vulnerable to poly-victimisation. These results have important implications for research, education and policy in Vietnam. In terms of research, future comprehensive investigations which include multiple forms of violence, rather than single forms, should be conducted. Inclusion of both married and unmarried, but partnered people in investigation of intimate partner violence in Vietnam is recommended. The role of individual, familial and community factors in adolescents’ risk of being poly-victimised should be investigated further in longitudinal research. Experience of adolescents attending different types of schools may differ; experience of out-of-school adolescents remained un-investigated; inclusion of students from different school types as well as out-of-school adolescents is thus needed. Despite the Law on Care, Protection and Education of Children being implemented in Vietnam in 2004, it appears not to have been effective. According to this law, child maltreatment and violence against children are illegal. However, there has not been mandatory reporting of these actions in Vietnam and many children and adolescents are still being abused or victimised. It is suggested that education is needed to raise public awareness about violence against children and adolescents in Vietnam. Comprehensive intervention programs which aim to prevent violence in the family, school and community should be established. Enforcement of Child protection policy in Vietnam should be considered with more attention to the most vulnerable groups. More involvement of not only policy makers, child protection authorities,PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125189 May 1,19 /Poly-Victimisation among Vietnamese Adolescents and Correlatesbut also families, schools and communities is essential in prevention of violence against children and adolescents in this country.Supporting InformationS1 Appendix. Results from principal component analysis of 12 questions about possession of household items. (DOCX)AcknowledgmentsThe authors are very grateful for the support and participation of all students, schools and centres. We appreciate the helpful comments of the four adolescents who participated in the pretest of the questionnaire. We thank Ms. Hau Nguyen and Dr. Thach Tran for their significant contribution in the translation of the JVQ R2 and the construction of the questionnaire. We are grateful for the thorough review and comments on the questionnaire and earlier drafts of this paper of all staff and students at the Jean Hailes Research Unit and the anonymous reviewers of PLOS ONE.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: ML SH JF RW HTN. Performed the experiments: ML HTN. Analyzed the data: ML SH JF RW. Wrote the paper: ML SH HTN RW JF.
Redox Biology 8 (2016) 305?Contents lists available at ScienceDirectRedox Biologyjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/redoxResearch paperLu.
