. While anecdotally the countryside of many least developed countries is littered with derelict wind pumps and storage tanks, dry small reservoirs and broken handpumps, longitudinal and indeed rigorous data on facilities and their functionality are scarce and from users are lacking, although much required. There are good reasons for the scarcity of longitudinal data from users (although the indepth sites in Africa provide a demographic basis for over 20 sites, for example) but they are required at research level to provide an understanding of the dynamics of supply in poorly served countries as a basis for policy formulation, and at an operational level data are required on the infrastructure. Electronic methods have increasing potential for monitoring water delivery infrastructure, but the monitoring of basic sanitation is presently less tractable.(d) Institutional issuesA water security perspective, when combined with other changing aspects of WaSH, has implications for the way monitoring is structured, the way in which primary data are categorized and communicated, and the way in which these inform implementing agencies, so as to maximize provision and diminish risks. It has substantial consequences for capacity building. A risk approach makes analytical demands on national professional staff. Hopefully, it will increase the status of maintenance plans as a skilled task, and introduce more of a systems approach to WaSH. It will certainly both make demands on and require development of professional and research capacity at country level and should raise the status of those involved. The conventional utility model of water supply can probably reach far down into the poorest households in urban situations because of the dense populations in slums and correspondingly short extra pipes required; because evidence suggests that such households often pay more, in practice, than those in wealthier and better-served neighbourhoods; moreover, reduced transaction costs and possible use of smart metering tend to bring the urban poor into therange of households that can be supplied by utilities. The problems are greater in rural areas. By contrast, the utility sewer approach to excreta in cities may break down at a higher HM61713, BI 1482694MedChemExpress Olmutinib income level and community-based GSK2256098 web cooperative sanitation organizations have been successful in diverse urban areas. The risk perspective combined with the extent of infrastructure in place will change the balance towards maintenance from new building. Communication of monitoring results will need to be more widespread–to politicians communities and professionals. For sustainable provision, one will look to utilities that work at scale and tend to see `customers’, but these same utilities tend to overlook the poor and marginalized risk groups. Those are often served by NGOs and self-help groups that perceive households and communities rather than customers. Monitoring findings need to be communicated to both types of providers, with their differing perceptions, and should bring them closer together, because both have essential inputs for equitable provision of improved water and sanitation.rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org Phil Trans R Soc A 371:………………………………………………(e) Disaggregation of monitoring results for communicationThe way in which data are presented to some extent creates the resulting discussion. Hence, there is much legitimate pressure to disaggregate monitoring data by income/poverty leve.. While anecdotally the countryside of many least developed countries is littered with derelict wind pumps and storage tanks, dry small reservoirs and broken handpumps, longitudinal and indeed rigorous data on facilities and their functionality are scarce and from users are lacking, although much required. There are good reasons for the scarcity of longitudinal data from users (although the indepth sites in Africa provide a demographic basis for over 20 sites, for example) but they are required at research level to provide an understanding of the dynamics of supply in poorly served countries as a basis for policy formulation, and at an operational level data are required on the infrastructure. Electronic methods have increasing potential for monitoring water delivery infrastructure, but the monitoring of basic sanitation is presently less tractable.(d) Institutional issuesA water security perspective, when combined with other changing aspects of WaSH, has implications for the way monitoring is structured, the way in which primary data are categorized and communicated, and the way in which these inform implementing agencies, so as to maximize provision and diminish risks. It has substantial consequences for capacity building. A risk approach makes analytical demands on national professional staff. Hopefully, it will increase the status of maintenance plans as a skilled task, and introduce more of a systems approach to WaSH. It will certainly both make demands on and require development of professional and research capacity at country level and should raise the status of those involved. The conventional utility model of water supply can probably reach far down into the poorest households in urban situations because of the dense populations in slums and correspondingly short extra pipes required; because evidence suggests that such households often pay more, in practice, than those in wealthier and better-served neighbourhoods; moreover, reduced transaction costs and possible use of smart metering tend to bring the urban poor into therange of households that can be supplied by utilities. The problems are greater in rural areas. By contrast, the utility sewer approach to excreta in cities may break down at a higher income level and community-based cooperative sanitation organizations have been successful in diverse urban areas. The risk perspective combined with the extent of infrastructure in place will change the balance towards maintenance from new building. Communication of monitoring results will need to be more widespread–to politicians communities and professionals. For sustainable provision, one will look to utilities that work at scale and tend to see `customers’, but these same utilities tend to overlook the poor and marginalized risk groups. Those are often served by NGOs and self-help groups that perceive households and communities rather than customers. Monitoring findings need to be communicated to both types of providers, with their differing perceptions, and should bring them closer together, because both have essential inputs for equitable provision of improved water and sanitation.rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org Phil Trans R Soc A 371:………………………………………………(e) Disaggregation of monitoring results for communicationThe way in which data are presented to some extent creates the resulting discussion. Hence, there is much legitimate pressure to disaggregate monitoring data by income/poverty leve.
