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www.nature.com/scientificreportsOPENExposure to low doses of pesticides induces an immune response as well as the production of nitric oxide in honeybeesMerle T. Bartling1, Susanne Th ecke1, JosHerrera Russert1, Andreas Vilcinskas1,two KwangZin Lee2Honeybees are vital pollinators of many agricultural crops and wild plants. Nevertheless, the number of managed bee colonies has declined in some regions from the globe more than the final few decades, in all probability triggered by a mixture of elements such as parasites, pathogens and pesticides. Exposure to these diverse biotic and abiotic stressors is most likely to trigger immune responses and stress pathways that have an effect on the overall health of person honeybees and therefore their contribution to colony survival. We therefore investigated the effects of an orally administered bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas entomophila) and lowdose xenobiotic pesticides on honeybee survival and intestinal immune responses. We observed stressordependent effects on the imply lifespan, along with the induction of genes encoding the antimicrobial peptide abaecin and also the detoxification aspect cytoch.
