The application of hexane and acetone fractionated extracts of G. kraussiana could be promising in guarding of stored seeds against cowpea weevils. The truth is, this botanical insecticide has higher biological activities than the most well-liked botanical insecticide from Azadirachta indica against C. maculatus in treated cowpea. In light of your rising problem of insecticide resistance, there’s an urgent want for the improvement of biologically secure insecticide from G. kraussiana, in particular in low-income country like Cameroon, exactly where the plants are broadly offered. Since the use of any botanical with insecticidal activity is probably to involve some undesirable exposure of human and domestic animals to toxic substances, the possible toxicity to nontarget organisms of hexane and acetone extracts of G. kraussiana will must be undertaken ahead of the adoption on the final results of this study. Being highly toxic to insect pests, hexane or acetone extract of G. kraussiana may possibly be7 encouraged at the content not exceeding 5-g/kg grains to minimize unwanted effects on human.AcknowledgmentsWe are thankful to the staff with the Institute of Healthcare CDK12 medchemexpress analysis and Medicinal Plants Studies of YaoundCameroon, Phytochemistry Laboratory, whose help created this work attainable.Author ContributionsThis work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Authors D.K. and E.N.N. designed the study, wrote the protocol and performed the statistical analysis. Authors D.K., G.A.A., A.T.T., J.P.A., J.A.G.Y. and T.K.K. managed the analyses in the study. Author D.K. wrote the very first draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.References CitedAbass, A. B., G. Ndunguru, P. Mamiro, B. Alenkhe, N. Mlingi, and M. Bekunda. 2014. Post-harvest food losses inside a maize-based farming technique of semi-arid savannah area of Tanzania. J. Stored Prod. Res. 57: 497. Abbott, W. S. 1925. A strategy of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18: 26567. Adeniyi, S. A., C. L. Orjiekwe, J. E. Ehiagbonare, and B. D. Arimah. 2010. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation and insecticidal activity of ethanolic extracts of four tropical plants (Vernonia amygdalina, Sida acuta, Ocimum gratissimum and Telfaria occidentalis) against beans weevil (Acanthscelides obtectus). Int. J. Phys. Sci. 5: 75362. Amusan, O. O., P. S. Dlamini, J. D. Msonthi, and L. P. Makhubu. 2002. Some herbal remedies from Manzini area of Swaziland. J. Ethnopharmacol. 79: 10912. Amusan, O. O. G., N. A. Sukati, P. S. Dlamini, and F. G. Sibandze. 2007. Some Swazi phytomedicines and their constituents. Afr. J. Biotech. six: 2672. Athanassiou, C. G., N. G. Kavallieratos, B. J. Vayias, and C. P. Emmanouel. 2008. Influence of grain form around the susceptibility of distinctive Sitophilus oryzae (L.) populations, obtained from diverse rearing media, to three diatomaceous earth formulations. J. Stored Prod. Res. 44: 39496. Bala, A. E. A., R. Delorme, A. Kollmann, L. Kerhoas, J. Einhorn, P. -H. Ducrot, and D. Aug 1999. Insecticidal activity of daphnane diterpenes from Lasiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn) (Thymelaeaceae) roots. Pest. Sci. 55: 74550. Bhandurge, P., N. Rajarajeshwari, S. Ganapatya, and S. Pattanshetti. 2013. The Casein Kinase supplier Gnidia genus: a assessment. Asian J. Biomed. Pharm. 3: 11. Bisseleua, B. D. H., D. Obeng-Ofori, and W. S. K. Gbewonyo. 2008. Bioactivities of crude extracts in the candlewood Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae) against the cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus.
