Her biochemical measures such as sex hormones may also help explain why men and women experience different outcomes in response to weight loss. In conclusion, change in sub-total body fat mass ?not change in lean mass ?is independently associated with executive functions. This further emphasizes the potential value of targeted exercise training in combating cognitive decline [2,56].AcknowledgmentsWe thank the Vancouver South Slope YMCA management and members who supported the study by allowing access to participants for the training intervention. Lindsay Katarynych, BSc, coordinated this study. We thank the instructors for their commitment to the participants’ wellbeing and safety. TLA is a Canada Research Chair in Physical Activity, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience and a MSFHR Scholar. JCD is a CIHR and MSFHR postdoctoral fellow. LSN is a NSERC and MSFHR PhD trainee.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: TLA. Performed the experiments: JCD DS AC LSN TLA. Analyzed the data: ED JCD TLA. Wrote the paper: ED JCD DS AC LSN TLA.Fat Mass Contributes to Executive Functions
Aortic aneurysm and MedChemExpress 117793 dissection (AAD) account for almost 11,000 deaths in the United States each year [1]. Despite improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for AAD, the mortality rate remains high. Characterized by aortic medial degeneration, AAD presents as the progressive loss of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) [2] and the destruction of extracellular matrix [3]. Medial degeneration of the aorta leads to progressive aortic dilatation, and ultimately, to dissection or aneurysm rupture [4]. The overproduction of destructive factors plays a significant role in aortic degeneration and AAD development. In addition, impaired aortic protection (resistance to tissue destruction) and insufficient aortic repair may contribute to the process. However, the signaling mechanisms that control aortic protection and repair in AAD are poorly understood.Notch signaling plays an important role in regulating tissue development and homeostasis [5,6,7] by controlling cell fate and specifying tissue patterning [8,9,10]. The Notch signaling pathway is activated by the binding of Delta-like or Jagged ligands to Notch receptors, and this binding triggers the ADAM protease-mediated cleavage of the Notch receptor extracellular domain. The subsequent c-secretase ediated cleavage of the Notch receptor releases the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), which translocates into the nucleus and regulates the expression of downstream genes [11], such as Hes1 [12]. Specifically, Notch signaling is important in controlling vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation [13,14], and the pathway is critical to vascular development, repair, and remodeling [15,16,17,18]. Recently, Notch signaling has been shown to be downregulated in human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) tissue [19] and in the ascending aorta of patients with bicuspidNotch Signaling in Aortic Aneurysm and Dissectionaortic valve (BAV) [20]. Furthermore, BI 78D3 genetic variation in the NOTCH1 gene appears to confer susceptibility to ascending aortic aneurysm formation in patients with BAV [21]. However, Notch signaling has not been examined in sporadic descending thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (DTAAD). Because of its important role in vascular repair and remodeling, we hypothesize that Notch signaling may be altered in DTAAD. In this study, we examined the activation of the Notch signaling pathway in aortic tissue.Her biochemical measures such as sex hormones may also help explain why men and women experience different outcomes in response to weight loss. In conclusion, change in sub-total body fat mass ?not change in lean mass ?is independently associated with executive functions. This further emphasizes the potential value of targeted exercise training in combating cognitive decline [2,56].AcknowledgmentsWe thank the Vancouver South Slope YMCA management and members who supported the study by allowing access to participants for the training intervention. Lindsay Katarynych, BSc, coordinated this study. We thank the instructors for their commitment to the participants’ wellbeing and safety. TLA is a Canada Research Chair in Physical Activity, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience and a MSFHR Scholar. JCD is a CIHR and MSFHR postdoctoral fellow. LSN is a NSERC and MSFHR PhD trainee.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: TLA. Performed the experiments: JCD DS AC LSN TLA. Analyzed the data: ED JCD TLA. Wrote the paper: ED JCD DS AC LSN TLA.Fat Mass Contributes to Executive Functions
Aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) account for almost 11,000 deaths in the United States each year [1]. Despite improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for AAD, the mortality rate remains high. Characterized by aortic medial degeneration, AAD presents as the progressive loss of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) [2] and the destruction of extracellular matrix [3]. Medial degeneration of the aorta leads to progressive aortic dilatation, and ultimately, to dissection or aneurysm rupture [4]. The overproduction of destructive factors plays a significant role in aortic degeneration and AAD development. In addition, impaired aortic protection (resistance to tissue destruction) and insufficient aortic repair may contribute to the process. However, the signaling mechanisms that control aortic protection and repair in AAD are poorly understood.Notch signaling plays an important role in regulating tissue development and homeostasis [5,6,7] by controlling cell fate and specifying tissue patterning [8,9,10]. The Notch signaling pathway is activated by the binding of Delta-like or Jagged ligands to Notch receptors, and this binding triggers the ADAM protease-mediated cleavage of the Notch receptor extracellular domain. The subsequent c-secretase ediated cleavage of the Notch receptor releases the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), which translocates into the nucleus and regulates the expression of downstream genes [11], such as Hes1 [12]. Specifically, Notch signaling is important in controlling vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation [13,14], and the pathway is critical to vascular development, repair, and remodeling [15,16,17,18]. Recently, Notch signaling has been shown to be downregulated in human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) tissue [19] and in the ascending aorta of patients with bicuspidNotch Signaling in Aortic Aneurysm and Dissectionaortic valve (BAV) [20]. Furthermore, genetic variation in the NOTCH1 gene appears to confer susceptibility to ascending aortic aneurysm formation in patients with BAV [21]. However, Notch signaling has not been examined in sporadic descending thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (DTAAD). Because of its important role in vascular repair and remodeling, we hypothesize that Notch signaling may be altered in DTAAD. In this study, we examined the activation of the Notch signaling pathway in aortic tissue.
