E rat hippocampus was 48.3 lower in CQ treatment group than in vehicle treated controls (Fig. 3).Zinc and Hippocampal Neurogenesis after SeizureFigure 7. Intracellular zinc chelator, TPEN, reduced the number of newly generated cells in the dentate gyrus. (A) Light microscope images show BrdU (+) cells, Ki67 (+) cells and DCX (+) cells. One week injection of intracellular zinc chelator, TPEN, reduced the number of BrdU (+) cells, Ki67 (+) cells and DCX (+) cells with or HIF-2��-IN-1 supplier without seizure. Scale bar = 200 mm. (B) Bar graph represents number of BrdU, Ki67 and DCXimmunoreactive cell in the subgranular zone of DG (n = 5). Data are means 6 SE. *P,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048543.gZinc and Hippocampal Neurogenesis after SeizureProgenitor Cell 69-25-0 web proliferation in the Subgranular Zone of Dentate Gyrus is Reduced by CQ in Normal and Postseizure SubjectsTo test whether CQ affects progenitor cell proliferation in the adult brain, rats were sacrificed 1 week after continuous CQ treatment without seizure. Rats were injected with BrdU twice per day for 4 days in both vehicle or CQ treated group. Cell proliferation was assessed by Ki67 and BrdU immunohistochemistry. We found decreased number of Ki67 and BrdU labeled cells in rats without seizure (Fig. 4). To investigate how CQ affected seizure-induced progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis, rats were injected with BrdU twice per day from 4 days after pilocarpine-induced seizure until to sacrifice. Rats were injected with CQ from 2 hours after seizure twice per day for 1 week. Cell proliferation was assessed by Ki67 and BrdU immunohistochemistry. We observed increase in the number of cells labeled by both Ki67 and BrdU staining in rats that underwent pilocarpineinduced seizure at 1 week after seizure compared to sham operation. However, a group of 1 week CQ treated rats showed lower number of Ki67 and BrdU immunoreactive cells in the DG of hippocampus after seizure compared to vehicle treated group (Fig. 5).Neuroblast Production in the Subgranular Zone of Dentate Gyrus is Reduced by CQ in Normal and Postseizure SubjectsTo investigate how CQ affects neuroblast migration, normal or seizure-experienced rats were continuously injected with CQ. Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein expressed by immature neurons. The levels of DCX expression increase in response to seizure, which occurs in parallel with BrdU labeling in measuring neurogenesis. In normal rats, CQ or vehicle was injected into the intraperitoneal space twice per day for 1 week. In seizure experienced rats, CQ or vehicle was injected at 2 hours after seizure, and then the CQ injection was continued twice per day for 1 week. Number of neuroblast was assessed by DCX immunohistochemistry. In the normal rats (without seizure), the number of DCX stained neurons in DG area is lower in CQ injected group than vehicle treated group. The number of DCX immunoreactive cells is significantly increased at 1 week after seizure compared to sham operated 1379592 animals. However, CQ treated rats showed lower number of DCX immunoreactive cells in the DG of hippocampus compared to vehicle treated group after seizure (Fig. 6).Progenitor Cell and Neuroblast Proliferation in the Subgranular Zone of Dentate Gyrus is Reduced by TPEN in Normal and Post-seizure SubjectsTo test whether another zinc chelator, TPEN, also affects progenitor cell and neuroblast proliferation in the adult brain, rats were sacrificed 1 week after continuous TPEN treatment with.E rat hippocampus was 48.3 lower in CQ treatment group than in vehicle treated controls (Fig. 3).Zinc and Hippocampal Neurogenesis after SeizureFigure 7. Intracellular zinc chelator, TPEN, reduced the number of newly generated cells in the dentate gyrus. (A) Light microscope images show BrdU (+) cells, Ki67 (+) cells and DCX (+) cells. One week injection of intracellular zinc chelator, TPEN, reduced the number of BrdU (+) cells, Ki67 (+) cells and DCX (+) cells with or without seizure. Scale bar = 200 mm. (B) Bar graph represents number of BrdU, Ki67 and DCXimmunoreactive cell in the subgranular zone of DG (n = 5). Data are means 6 SE. *P,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048543.gZinc and Hippocampal Neurogenesis after SeizureProgenitor Cell Proliferation in the Subgranular Zone of Dentate Gyrus is Reduced by CQ in Normal and Postseizure SubjectsTo test whether CQ affects progenitor cell proliferation in the adult brain, rats were sacrificed 1 week after continuous CQ treatment without seizure. Rats were injected with BrdU twice per day for 4 days in both vehicle or CQ treated group. Cell proliferation was assessed by Ki67 and BrdU immunohistochemistry. We found decreased number of Ki67 and BrdU labeled cells in rats without seizure (Fig. 4). To investigate how CQ affected seizure-induced progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis, rats were injected with BrdU twice per day from 4 days after pilocarpine-induced seizure until to sacrifice. Rats were injected with CQ from 2 hours after seizure twice per day for 1 week. Cell proliferation was assessed by Ki67 and BrdU immunohistochemistry. We observed increase in the number of cells labeled by both Ki67 and BrdU staining in rats that underwent pilocarpineinduced seizure at 1 week after seizure compared to sham operation. However, a group of 1 week CQ treated rats showed lower number of Ki67 and BrdU immunoreactive cells in the DG of hippocampus after seizure compared to vehicle treated group (Fig. 5).Neuroblast Production in the Subgranular Zone of Dentate Gyrus is Reduced by CQ in Normal and Postseizure SubjectsTo investigate how CQ affects neuroblast migration, normal or seizure-experienced rats were continuously injected with CQ. Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein expressed by immature neurons. The levels of DCX expression increase in response to seizure, which occurs in parallel with BrdU labeling in measuring neurogenesis. In normal rats, CQ or vehicle was injected into the intraperitoneal space twice per day for 1 week. In seizure experienced rats, CQ or vehicle was injected at 2 hours after seizure, and then the CQ injection was continued twice per day for 1 week. Number of neuroblast was assessed by DCX immunohistochemistry. In the normal rats (without seizure), the number of DCX stained neurons in DG area is lower in CQ injected group than vehicle treated group. The number of DCX immunoreactive cells is significantly increased at 1 week after seizure compared to sham operated 1379592 animals. However, CQ treated rats showed lower number of DCX immunoreactive cells in the DG of hippocampus compared to vehicle treated group after seizure (Fig. 6).Progenitor Cell and Neuroblast Proliferation in the Subgranular Zone of Dentate Gyrus is Reduced by TPEN in Normal and Post-seizure SubjectsTo test whether another zinc chelator, TPEN, also affects progenitor cell and neuroblast proliferation in the adult brain, rats were sacrificed 1 week after continuous TPEN treatment with.
