The cell-seeded middle channel was filled with fluorescent dextran solution (10 mg/ml) in medium in the cell-seeded middle channel. Precisely 110 ml was promptly added to each channel so as to maintain equal pressures and thereby avoid convective flow across the hydrogel. Devices were then placed in the incubator for 3 hours to reach steady state, fluorescent images of dextran distributions were taken using an epi-fluorescent microscope (Nikon TE300, Hamamatsu ORCA-ER camera) and processedAll values reported 25033180 are averages of measurements from a minimum of 4 devices, each with a minimum of 2 and maximum of 8 ROIs with standard errors. The comparisons between unpaired groups were assessed using unpaired Student’s t-test and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U statistic whereas paired permeability measurements were assessed using a paired t-test. Tumor seeding density statistics were obtained using one-way ANOVA. Statistical significance was assumed for p,0.05. All tests were performed with SigmaPlot v.12.Results and Discussion Modeling the Extravasation ProcessAlthough there remains considerable uncertainty regarding the critical, rate-limiting step in the formation of metastatic tumors, the ability of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to adhere to and transmigrate across the endothelium at a remote site is certainly essential. Numerous studies have addressed this issue, but the challenges of constructing a meaningful in vitro testing platform has been a strong impediment to improved understanding, and as importantly, has posed a barrier to the identification of drugs that could inhibit extravasation. Recent studies have begun to address this need using advanced microfluidics [21,22,23], but each is hasIn Vitro Model of Tumor Cell ExtravasationFigure 2. Confirmation of endothelial monolayer integrity. The 69-25-0 biological activity integrity of the endothelial monolayer was confirmed by both fluorescence imaging of the dextran distribution and confocal microscopy of fixed and labeled cells. An intact endothelial monolayer gives rise to an abrupt intensity drop between the channel and the gel region once the fluorescently-labeled dextran is introduced. Three hours after dextran injection, a sharp drop in fluorescence intensity is seen across the endothelial layer demonstrating its function as a barrier to macromolecules (a). Fluorescence intensity is quantified using Matlab (b). The dashed arrow in (a) the location and direction for the quantification.The intensity value drops to 15 of is peak value due to the barrier effect. The endothelial monolayer is located near the 400 mm point on the plot (shown with dashed line). Samples fixed on the third day after cell seeding and stained for VE-cadherin and JSI124 site nuclei (DAPI-blue) exhibit well-defined junctions with no apparent gaps in the confluent monolayer (c). The confocal image shows the front view of the microfluidic device. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056910.gits limitations. In the current model, we demonstrate the capability of monitoring the entire process of extravasation. Our previous studies in a similar system have demonstrated changes in endothelial permeability are closely associated with intravasation[24], so we sought to study similar changes that might occur during extravasation. In addition, by tracking the cells over time, we were able to explore the time-dependent behavior, an important factor that impacts both the survival of the CTCs priorIn Vitro Model of Tumor Cell ExtravasationFigure 3. Optimization of tumor.The cell-seeded middle channel was filled with fluorescent dextran solution (10 mg/ml) in medium in the cell-seeded middle channel. Precisely 110 ml was promptly added to each channel so as to maintain equal pressures and thereby avoid convective flow across the hydrogel. Devices were then placed in the incubator for 3 hours to reach steady state, fluorescent images of dextran distributions were taken using an epi-fluorescent microscope (Nikon TE300, Hamamatsu ORCA-ER camera) and processedAll values reported 25033180 are averages of measurements from a minimum of 4 devices, each with a minimum of 2 and maximum of 8 ROIs with standard errors. The comparisons between unpaired groups were assessed using unpaired Student’s t-test and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U statistic whereas paired permeability measurements were assessed using a paired t-test. Tumor seeding density statistics were obtained using one-way ANOVA. Statistical significance was assumed for p,0.05. All tests were performed with SigmaPlot v.12.Results and Discussion Modeling the Extravasation ProcessAlthough there remains considerable uncertainty regarding the critical, rate-limiting step in the formation of metastatic tumors, the ability of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to adhere to and transmigrate across the endothelium at a remote site is certainly essential. Numerous studies have addressed this issue, but the challenges of constructing a meaningful in vitro testing platform has been a strong impediment to improved understanding, and as importantly, has posed a barrier to the identification of drugs that could inhibit extravasation. Recent studies have begun to address this need using advanced microfluidics [21,22,23], but each is hasIn Vitro Model of Tumor Cell ExtravasationFigure 2. Confirmation of endothelial monolayer integrity. The integrity of the endothelial monolayer was confirmed by both fluorescence imaging of the dextran distribution and confocal microscopy of fixed and labeled cells. An intact endothelial monolayer gives rise to an abrupt intensity drop between the channel and the gel region once the fluorescently-labeled dextran is introduced. Three hours after dextran injection, a sharp drop in fluorescence intensity is seen across the endothelial layer demonstrating its function as a barrier to macromolecules (a). Fluorescence intensity is quantified using Matlab (b). The dashed arrow in (a) the location and direction for the quantification.The intensity value drops to 15 of is peak value due to the barrier effect. The endothelial monolayer is located near the 400 mm point on the plot (shown with dashed line). Samples fixed on the third day after cell seeding and stained for VE-cadherin and nuclei (DAPI-blue) exhibit well-defined junctions with no apparent gaps in the confluent monolayer (c). The confocal image shows the front view of the microfluidic device. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056910.gits limitations. In the current model, we demonstrate the capability of monitoring the entire process of extravasation. Our previous studies in a similar system have demonstrated changes in endothelial permeability are closely associated with intravasation[24], so we sought to study similar changes that might occur during extravasation. In addition, by tracking the cells over time, we were able to explore the time-dependent behavior, an important factor that impacts both the survival of the CTCs priorIn Vitro Model of Tumor Cell ExtravasationFigure 3. Optimization of tumor.
