Nsation-seeking and general sensitivity. This division is more consistent with temperament dimensions in Rothbart and colleagues measures at other ages. Specifically, the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (Rothbart et al., 2001) as an extraversion/surgency factor rather than a general PE factor. In addition, the Adult Temperament Scale (Evans Rothbart, 2007) includes a dimension termed orienting sensitivity, which includes items similar to the Perceptual Sensitivity and Pleasure Sensitivity subscales of the EATQ-R, as well as an extraversion/surgency dimension. Neither of these closely matches the latent trait construct of broad PE as generally conceptualized by trait theorists. Thus, future research may wish to consider including alternative measures of PE (e.g., Positive Affect subscale from the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (Evans Rothbart, 2007) and/or the PANAS-C (Laurent et al., 1999)). Correlations among temperament dimensions and measures of adolescent functioning The majority of correlations among temperament factors, and between temperament factors and measures of adolescent functioning, were consistent with previous theory, although a few associations were unexpected. Critically, the EATQ-R latent variable models revealed specific links between facets of temperament and aspects of adolescent functioning which, while hypothesized in the literature, are often not apparent when using traditional manifest measures of temperament. Specifically, analyses using EATQ-R manifest super-scale (EC, NE, and PE) and subscale measures frequently yielded a much less specific pattern of correlations with adolescent functioning measures because each manifest subscale score is a mixture of common (e.g., common NE) and specific (e.g., frustration-specific) variance, such that common variance can drive correlations with other measures and lead to false conclusions that a specific aspect of temperament is related to those variables. In other cases contamination by common variance appears to mask specific effects when using manifest temperament variables. In both cases, our latent variable models are able to provide a much more nuanced picture of how specific aspects of adolescent temperament are related and affect important adolescent outcomes, and suggest topics for future research. Effortful Control–As expected based on previous research associating poor EC with POR-8 chemical information negative affect and psychopathology (Muris et al., 2007; Oldehinkel et al., 2007; Vasey et al., 2013), Common EC was negatively correlated with NE temperament factors and with external measures of psychopathology symptoms, including symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD, consistent with previous research (e.g., Muris et al., 2007; Oldehinkel et al., 2007; Vasey et al., 2013). It has been proposed that high EC may enable individuals toAuthor Enzastaurin molecular weight manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptJ Pers Soc Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 December 08.Snyder et al.Pageover-ride maladaptive responses, including impulsive and aggressive behaviors, attentional biases towards negative information, and repetitive negative thinking patterns (rumination, worry), thus reducing negative affect and risk for psychopathology (e.g., Ellis, Rothbart, Posner, 2004; Lonigan Vasey, 2008; Vasey et al., 2013). Unlike other aspects of anxiety, higher levels of harm avoidance were associated with better EC. While often considered an aspect of anxiety, harm avoidance is.Nsation-seeking and general sensitivity. This division is more consistent with temperament dimensions in Rothbart and colleagues measures at other ages. Specifically, the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (Rothbart et al., 2001) as an extraversion/surgency factor rather than a general PE factor. In addition, the Adult Temperament Scale (Evans Rothbart, 2007) includes a dimension termed orienting sensitivity, which includes items similar to the Perceptual Sensitivity and Pleasure Sensitivity subscales of the EATQ-R, as well as an extraversion/surgency dimension. Neither of these closely matches the latent trait construct of broad PE as generally conceptualized by trait theorists. Thus, future research may wish to consider including alternative measures of PE (e.g., Positive Affect subscale from the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (Evans Rothbart, 2007) and/or the PANAS-C (Laurent et al., 1999)). Correlations among temperament dimensions and measures of adolescent functioning The majority of correlations among temperament factors, and between temperament factors and measures of adolescent functioning, were consistent with previous theory, although a few associations were unexpected. Critically, the EATQ-R latent variable models revealed specific links between facets of temperament and aspects of adolescent functioning which, while hypothesized in the literature, are often not apparent when using traditional manifest measures of temperament. Specifically, analyses using EATQ-R manifest super-scale (EC, NE, and PE) and subscale measures frequently yielded a much less specific pattern of correlations with adolescent functioning measures because each manifest subscale score is a mixture of common (e.g., common NE) and specific (e.g., frustration-specific) variance, such that common variance can drive correlations with other measures and lead to false conclusions that a specific aspect of temperament is related to those variables. In other cases contamination by common variance appears to mask specific effects when using manifest temperament variables. In both cases, our latent variable models are able to provide a much more nuanced picture of how specific aspects of adolescent temperament are related and affect important adolescent outcomes, and suggest topics for future research. Effortful Control–As expected based on previous research associating poor EC with negative affect and psychopathology (Muris et al., 2007; Oldehinkel et al., 2007; Vasey et al., 2013), Common EC was negatively correlated with NE temperament factors and with external measures of psychopathology symptoms, including symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD, consistent with previous research (e.g., Muris et al., 2007; Oldehinkel et al., 2007; Vasey et al., 2013). It has been proposed that high EC may enable individuals toAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptJ Pers Soc Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 December 08.Snyder et al.Pageover-ride maladaptive responses, including impulsive and aggressive behaviors, attentional biases towards negative information, and repetitive negative thinking patterns (rumination, worry), thus reducing negative affect and risk for psychopathology (e.g., Ellis, Rothbart, Posner, 2004; Lonigan Vasey, 2008; Vasey et al., 2013). Unlike other aspects of anxiety, higher levels of harm avoidance were associated with better EC. While often considered an aspect of anxiety, harm avoidance is.
