Ion effects. For artefact suppression, all trials were automatically excluded from averaging when the voltage exceeded 650 mV in any of the 32 channels at any point during the averaging period. Data with a 100 ms pre stimulus and a 300 ms post stimulus baseline interval were then inspected visually. On average 63 (65.228) artefactfree sweeps per intensity were averaged separately for each participant, which should lead to an appropriate signal-to-noise ratio.Methods SubjectsThe sample included 26 male subjects (13 patients, 13 controls) who underwent electrophysiological recording. Subjects with psychiatric comorbidity, drug or alcohol abuse, benzodiazepine consumption for more than 10 days before examination or a lifetime history of neurological diseases were excluded. Thirteen patients with predominant negative symptoms recruited from the Department of General and Social Psychiatry at the Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich met the diagnosticSerotonergic Dysfunction in Negative SymptomsDipole Source Analysis (DSA) and Single Electrode EstimationDipole source localization of the N1/P2-component of AEPs was computed by means of the inverse solution as implemented in BESA, using a spherical head model. DSA provides an important methodological advance, because overlapping subcomponents of the N1/P2-component in the primary as well as secondary auditory cortex can be studied separately [50]. This is a pivotal point, as primary auditory cortex is highly innervated by serotonin 1315463 compared to secondary auditory cortex [51]. Similar studies reveal a high spatio-temporal accuracy with DSA [52,53]. Based on the grand average over all subjects a dipole model was computed for the 60 dB and 70 dB intensities with two regional sources (one for each hemisphere). Several authors suppose a frontal protective mechanism being activated during presentation of high tone intensities [54,55]. Therefore a third regional source was added to the frontal region for the high intensity dipole model computed for the 90 and 100 dB intensities. These two Licochalcone-A models were applied to the individual data sets (high intensity model to 60?0 dB, low intensity model to 80?00 dB) in order to obtain the spatiotemporal information of the brain activation. The methods have been published in detail elsewhere [28,29,51]. Because the JWH-133 biological activity majority of studies on the LDAEP focused on the N1/P2 component, which seems to be more internally consistent and test-retest reliable than slopes based on other components [56,57], the peak-to-peak N1/P2 amplitudes were used to quantify differences in the responses to the different tone intensities. Additionally to the DSA approach we analysed the data with a scalp method, as recommended by our group [58], to facilitate across-study comparisons. N1/P2 amplitudes were determined at the Cz electrode and were re-referenced to linked mastoids. The LDAEP was determined by the median of all slopes of each possible connection between the five different N1/P2 amplitudes corresponding to the five different intensities [29] for tangential dipole activity of both hemispheres and Cz-electrode estimation derived amplitudes. These values were used as the main variables for statistical evaluation.between left and right LDAEP differed significantly. Analyses were carried out with SPSS version 20 for Windows.ResultsDemographics and psychopathology data for both groups are summarised in Table 1. Although antipsychotic medication estimated by CPZ-equivalent dose had a med.Ion effects. For artefact suppression, all trials were automatically excluded from averaging when the voltage exceeded 650 mV in any of the 32 channels at any point during the averaging period. Data with a 100 ms pre stimulus and a 300 ms post stimulus baseline interval were then inspected visually. On average 63 (65.228) artefactfree sweeps per intensity were averaged separately for each participant, which should lead to an appropriate signal-to-noise ratio.Methods SubjectsThe sample included 26 male subjects (13 patients, 13 controls) who underwent electrophysiological recording. Subjects with psychiatric comorbidity, drug or alcohol abuse, benzodiazepine consumption for more than 10 days before examination or a lifetime history of neurological diseases were excluded. Thirteen patients with predominant negative symptoms recruited from the Department of General and Social Psychiatry at the Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich met the diagnosticSerotonergic Dysfunction in Negative SymptomsDipole Source Analysis (DSA) and Single Electrode EstimationDipole source localization of the N1/P2-component of AEPs was computed by means of the inverse solution as implemented in BESA, using a spherical head model. DSA provides an important methodological advance, because overlapping subcomponents of the N1/P2-component in the primary as well as secondary auditory cortex can be studied separately [50]. This is a pivotal point, as primary auditory cortex is highly innervated by serotonin 1315463 compared to secondary auditory cortex [51]. Similar studies reveal a high spatio-temporal accuracy with DSA [52,53]. Based on the grand average over all subjects a dipole model was computed for the 60 dB and 70 dB intensities with two regional sources (one for each hemisphere). Several authors suppose a frontal protective mechanism being activated during presentation of high tone intensities [54,55]. Therefore a third regional source was added to the frontal region for the high intensity dipole model computed for the 90 and 100 dB intensities. These two models were applied to the individual data sets (high intensity model to 60?0 dB, low intensity model to 80?00 dB) in order to obtain the spatiotemporal information of the brain activation. The methods have been published in detail elsewhere [28,29,51]. Because the majority of studies on the LDAEP focused on the N1/P2 component, which seems to be more internally consistent and test-retest reliable than slopes based on other components [56,57], the peak-to-peak N1/P2 amplitudes were used to quantify differences in the responses to the different tone intensities. Additionally to the DSA approach we analysed the data with a scalp method, as recommended by our group [58], to facilitate across-study comparisons. N1/P2 amplitudes were determined at the Cz electrode and were re-referenced to linked mastoids. The LDAEP was determined by the median of all slopes of each possible connection between the five different N1/P2 amplitudes corresponding to the five different intensities [29] for tangential dipole activity of both hemispheres and Cz-electrode estimation derived amplitudes. These values were used as the main variables for statistical evaluation.between left and right LDAEP differed significantly. Analyses were carried out with SPSS version 20 for Windows.ResultsDemographics and psychopathology data for both groups are summarised in Table 1. Although antipsychotic medication estimated by CPZ-equivalent dose had a med.
